Amy B. Solomon

CIRES/University of Colorado and ESRL/NOAA
325 Broadway
Boulder, CO 80309-0216
Voice: (303) 497-4398
FAX: (303) 497-7013
E-mail: amy.solomon@noaa.gov

Education

• Ph.D. (Atmospheric Dynamics), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998.
  Dissertation title: The role of large-scale eddies in the nonlinear equilibration
  of a multi-level model of the mid-latitude troposphere.
  
• M.S. (Applied Mathematics), University of Colorado at Boulder.
• B.A. (Physics), University of California at Berkeley.

Research Interests

• Cloud microphysical, radiative, and dynamical properties and processes; cloud interactions with
  boundary layer and surface; Short-term Arctic forecasting; Arctic meteorology and climate.

Professional Experience

• Senior Research Scientist, May 2019 - Present
• Research Scientist III, May 2009 - April 2019
• Research Scientist II, May 2002 - April 2009

• Visiting Scientist, February 2004, February 2006
• Assistant Research Scientist, February 1998 - May 2002

• Research Assistant, September 1991 - October 1997

• Visiting Scientist, July-September 1992, July-September 1994, August-October 1995
• Scientific Applications Programmer, September 1989 - August 1991

Teaching and Mentoring

• Lecturer, Frozen in the Ice: Exploring the Arctic-- A MOSAiC MOOC (2020)


• Instructor, NCAR Polar Early-Career Scientists Workshop (2018)


• Instructor, University of Colorado ATOC 6020: Seminar on Polar Climate (Fall 2014,2015,2017)


• Instructor, Illisagvik Tribal College STEM camp, Barrow, Alaska (Summer 2013)


• Instructor, Earth Explorers, Trail Ridge Middle School, Longmont Colorado (2012)


• Science Mentor, NOAA Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science (SOARS) (2015-)


• Science Mentor, NOAA HIRO program (Fall 2011)


• Science Mentor, NOAA Hollings Scholar (2009,2019)

Field Experience

• Forecast lead for the NASA Arctic Radiation-Cloud-Aerosol-Surface-Interaction Experiment
  (ARCSIX) (2023-2027)


• International lead to organize forecast guidance in support of Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory
  for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign (2018-2020)


• Campaign scientist to provide expertise on Arctic boundary layers for unmanned aerial vehicles flights
  during the NOAA/CIRES/DOE Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments (POPEYE) (2018)


• Flight scientist for 3 flights on the NOAA G4 to measure convective outflows between Hawaii
  and the equator during the NOAA PSD El Nino Rapid Response Campaign (2016)

Leadership

• CIRES PSD Administrative Lead (2017-2022)


• Co-Chair, World Weather Research Programme Polar Prediction Project Sea Ice Task Team (2020-present)


• American Geophysical Union Annual Fall Meeting Session on Sea Ice-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
  (2015-2018 Primary Convener; 2019-present Co-Convener)


• Co-Chair, World Climate Research Programme CLIVAR/CliC Northern Oceans Region Panel (2017-present)


• Modeling Lead, DOE ARM Oliktok Point Site Science Team (2014-present)


• Co-Chair, US CLIVAR Decadal Climate Prediction Working Group (2008-2011)


• Chair, 16th AMS Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, Santa Fe, NM (2007)

Service to National and International Communities

• CRiceS (Climate relevant interactions and feedbacks: the key role
  of sea ice and snow in the polar and global climate system research project)
  (2021-present) -- International Advisory Committee Member


• PolarRES (Polar Regions in the Earth System) (2021-present)
  -- International Advisory Committee Member


• OOPC Workshop on Heat and Freshwater Storage and Transports in
  Observations and Climate Models (2020--present) -- Steering Committee Member


• WMO Year of Polar Prediction Processes Task Team (2020-present) -- Committee Member


• GRISO-RCN, CLIVAR OMDP, and CLIVAR/CliC Northern Oceans
  Panel workshop on Greenland Freshwater Fluxes (2018) -- Steering Committee Member


• International CLIVAR Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability
  Research Focus Working Group (2015-2017) -- Member


• DOE ASR High Latitude Processes Working Group (2008-present) -- Member


• AMS Meetings Oversight Committee (2007-2011) -- Committee Member


• AMS Committee on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics (2004-2007) -- Committee Member


• Reviewer for IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Nature,
  The Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, The Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,
  The Journal of Climate, The Journal of Physical Oceanography, Climate Dynamics, Progress in Oceanography,
  JGR-Atmospheres, Geophysical Research Letters, NOAA Office of Global Programs, US Department of Energy,
  NASA Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences, the Israeli Science Foundation, and the National Science Foundation.

Editorship

• Guest Editor, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018-present)


• Associate Editor, JGR Atmospheres (2005-2013)

Panel Reviews

• DOE Panel Review (2017,2018)


• NOAA Climate Program Office Panel Review (2016)


• US Department of Energy Climate Variability and Change Review (2014)


• NSF GEO Panel Review (2013)


• NOAA Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections Panel Review (2012)


• US Department of Energy Earth System Modeling Review (2011)


• NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction ROSES Review (2008)

Awards

• 2021 Department of Commerce Bronze Medal for PSL Sea Ice Forecasting Team


• 2010 NOAA OAR Outstanding Scientific Publication Award for "Investigation of
  microphysical parameterizations of snow and ice in Arctic clouds during M-PACE through
  model-observation comparisons", MWR, 2009.

Funded Proposals

• 2023-27 Principal Investigator, NASA, "Advancing forecasting of the coupled Arctic
  atmosphere-sea ice-ocean system by using observations and diagnostics from the ARCSIX campaign"


• 2023-25 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE/ASR, "The Arctic Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure
  and it’s Interactions with the Free Troposphere and Surface"", PI: Ola Persson.


• 2020-24 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE/ASR, "Cloud-atmosphere impacts
  on the central Arctic surface energy budget", PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2020-24 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE/ASR, "Synoptic and Mesoscale Modulation
  of Dynamic and Thermodynamic Impacts on Central Arctic Sea Ice During MOSAiC", PI: Ola Persson.


• 2020-23 Co-Principal Investigator, NOAA/CPO, "Development of an integrated
  ocean-atmosphere-sea ice dataset for validation of modeled Arctic
  boundary layer processes over an annual cycle", PI: Taneil Uttal.


• 2018-19 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE, "POPEYE - Profiling at Oliktok Point
  to Enhance YOPP Experiments", PI: Gijs de Boer.


• 2018-23 Co-Principal Investigator, ONR, "Arctic Cyclone Interactions with
  Tropopause Polar Vortices, Free-Troposphere Diabatic Forcing, and the Surface", PI: Ola Persson.


• 2017-22 Co-Principal Investigator, NSF, "Collaborative Research: Thermodynamic
  and dynamic drivers of the Arctic sea-ice mass budget at MOSAiC", PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2015-19 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE/ASR, "Advancing understanding of the Arctic
  atmosphere through process-level analysis and product development using
  Oliktok Point Measurements", PI: Gijs de Boer.


• 2014-17 Co-Investigator, NOAA/ESPC, "Processes impacting
  sea-ice movement and autumn freeze-ups", PI: Janet Intrieri.


• 2014-16 Co-Principal Investigator, DOE/ASR, "Investigations of the Arctic Mixed-Phase Lifecycle:
  Microphysics, Dynamics and Persistence", PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2014-17 Co-Principal Investigator, NSF/ARC, "Characterizing the Roles of Atmospheric
  Structure and Clouds on the Radiation and Precipitation Budgets at
  Summit, Greenland", PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2011-12 Principal Investigator, NSF/RAPID,
  "Predictability of Atmospheric Teleconnections in Initialized Decadal Forecasts".


• 2011-14 Co-Investigator, DOE/ASR, "Investigations of the Microphysical,
  Radiative, and Dynamical Properties of Mixed-Phase Clouds", PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2010-14 Co-Principal Investigator, NSF/ARC,
  "Understanding and Modeling Key Arctic Cloud-ABL-Surface Processes and Interactions",
  PI: Ola Persson, Co-PI: Matt Shupe.


• 2009-12 Principal Investigator, NOAA Office of Global Programs,
  "The Impact of Systematic Biases in Pacific and Indian Ocean SSTs on Predictability
  of the Hydrological Cycle over North America in Decadal Climate Prediction Studies".


• 2007 Principal Investigator, NOAA/PSD Innovative Research Proposal,
  "The Remote Forcing of the Arctic:Putting Observed Arctic Warming in Global Context".


• 2006-09 Co-Principal Investigator, NSF (ATM-0553111), "The Role of Extratropical Cooling in
  Determining the Level of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Activity",
  PI: Dezheng Sun, Co-PI: Sang-Ik Shin.


• 2005-08 Principal Investigator, NOAA Office of Global Programs (GC05-170),
  "Extratropical Forcing of the Tropical Pacific: The Role of Pacific Subtropical Cells in Climate",
  Co-PIs: S.-I. Shin, J.P. McCreary, M.A. Alexander.


• 2005 Principal Investigator, NOAA OGP CMEP,
  "Pacific Subtropical Cells in coupled climate model simulations of the late 19th-20th Century".


• 2004-06 Principal Investigator, NCAR Climate Simulation Laboratory,
  "The Role of Pacific Subtropical Cells in Climate",
  Co-PIs: S.-I. Shin, J.P. McCreary, M.A. Alexander.

MOSAiC Data Sets

• Cox, C. J., M. R. Gallagher, M. D. Shupe, P. O. G. Persson, A. Solomon, et al.
  (December 2021): 10-meter (m) meteorological flux tower measurements (Level 1 Raw),
  Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC),
  central Arctic, October 2019 - September, 2020. Arctic Data Center, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2VM42Z5F.


• Cox, C. J., M. R. Gallagher, M. D. Shupe, P. O. G. Persson, A. Solomon, et al.
  (December 2021): Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 measurements (Level 1 Raw),
  Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC),
  central Arctic, October 2019 - September 2020. Arctic Data Center, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.18739/A20C4SM1J.


• Cox, C. J., M. R. Gallagher, M. D. Shupe, P. O. G. Persson, A. Solomon, et al.
  (December 2021): Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 measurements (Level 1 Raw),
  Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC),
  central Arctic, October 2019 - September 2020. Arctic Data Center, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2445HD46.


• Cox, C. J., M. R. Gallagher, M. D. Shupe, P. O. G. Persson, A. Solomon, et al.
  (December 2021): Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #40 measurements (Level 1 Raw),
  Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC),
  central Arctic, October 2019 - September 2020. Arctic Data Center, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2CJ87M7G.

Peer-reviewed Publications

• Cox, C. J., A. Solomon, P.O.G. Persson, M.D. Shupe, M.R. Gallagher, V.P. Walden,
  M.S. Town, and D.K. Perovich, 2023: Resiliency of sea ice to warming from southerly
  advection in early spring, To be submitted to GRL.


• Cox, C. J., M. Gallagher, M. D. Shupe, P.O.G. Persson, A. Solomon, C. W. Fairall, T. Ayers,
  B. Blomquist, I. M. Brooks, D. Costa, A. Grachev, D. Gottas, J. K. Hutchings, M. Kutchenreiter, J. Leach,
  S. M. Morris, V. Morris, J. Osborn, S. Pezoa, A. Preusser, L. Riihimaki, and T. Uttal, 2023:
  Continuous observations of the surface energy budget and meteorology over the Arctic sea ice
  during MOSAiC. Scientific Data. Submitted.


• Rabe, B., T. Martin, A. Solomon, K. M. Assmann, L. C. Biddle, T. Haine, T. Hattermann,
  F. A. Haumann, A. Jahn, T. Karpouzoglou, G. Laukert, A. Naveira Garabato, E. Rosenblum, E. Sikes,
  L. Yin, and X. Zhang, 2023: Polar Fresh Water in a Changing Global Climate Linking Arctic
  and Southern Ocean Processes, BAMS, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0046.1


• Solomon, A., M. D. Shupe, G. Svensson, N. P. Barton, Y. Batrak, E. Bazile, J. J. Day,
  J. D. Doyle, H. P. Frank, S. Keeley, T. Remes, and M. Tolstykh, 2023:
  The Winter Central Arctic Surface Energy Budget; A Model Evaluation
  using Observations from the MOSAiC Campaign, Elementa, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00104.


• Shupe, M. and coauthors, 2022: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition—Atmosphere.
  Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 10(1). doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00060.


• Sun, S. and Solomon, A., 2021: Seasonal Sea Ice Prediction with the CICE Model and
  Positive Impact of CryoSat-2 Ice Thickness Initialization. The Cryosphere, doi:10.5194/tc-2021-353.


• Solomon, A., C. Heuzé, B. Rabe, S. Bacon, L. Bertino, P. Heimbach, J. Inoue, D. Iovino,
  R. Mottram, X. Zhang, Y. Aksenov, R. McAdam, A. Nguyen, R. P. Raj, H. Tang, 2021:
  Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean 2010-2019. Ocean Science, doi:10.5194/os-2020-113.


• Creamean, J., G. de Boer, H. Telg, F. Mei, D. Dexheimer, M. Shupe, A. Solomon, and A. McComiskey, 2021:
  Assessing the vertical structure of Arctic aerosols using tethered-balloon-borne measurements.
  ACP, 21(3), doi:10.5194/acp-21-1737-2021.


• Inoue, J.,..., A. Solomon, 2021: Clouds and radiation processes in regional climate models
  evaluated using observations over the ice-free Arctic Ocean. in press JGR-Atmos, 126(1), doi:10.1029/2020JD033904.


• Sedlar, J., and coauthors, 2020: Confronting Arctic troposphere and surface energy budget representations
  in regional climate models with observations. JGR Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2019JD031783.


• de Boer, G., and coauthors, 2019: Atmospheric observations made at Oliktok Point, Alaska as part
  of the Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments (POPEYE) campaign.
  Earth System Science Data, doi:10.5194/essd-2019-46.


• Smith, G., and coauthors, 2019: Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System
  and its effect on Environmental Prediction. Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00429.


• Stammer, D., and coauthors, 2019: Ocean climate observing requirements in support of Climate Research
  and Climate Information. Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00444.


• Solomon, A., and M.D. Shupe, 2019: A case study of air mass transformation and cloud formation
  at Summit, Greenland. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-19-0056.1.


• Pithan, F., G. Svensson, R. Caballero, D. Chechin, T. W. Cronin, A. Ekman, R. Neggers, M. D. Shupe,
  A. Solomon, M. Tjernstrom, and M. Wendisch, 2018: Warm in, cold out: Air-mass transformations
  connect the Arctic and mid-latitudes. Nature Geosciences, 11, doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0234-1.


• Solomon, A., G. de Boer, J. Creamean, A. McComiskey, M.D. Shupe, M. Maahn, and C. Cox, 2018:
  The relative impact of perturbations in cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particle concentrations
  on phase-partitioning in Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys, 18, doi:10.5194/acp-18-1-2018.


• de Boer, G., and coauthors, 2018: A Bird's Eye View: Development of an Operational ARM Unmanned Aerial Systems
  Capability for Atmospheric Research in Arctic Alaska. BAMS. 99, 1197-1212, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0156.1.


• Dole, R. M., and coauthors, 2018: Advancing Science and Services during the 2015-16 El Nino:
  The NOAA El Nino Rapid Response Field Campaign. BAMS. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0219.1.


• Solomon, A., M.D. Shupe, and N.B. Miller, 2017: Cloud-Atmospheric Boundary Layer-Surface Interactions
  on the Greenland Ice Sheet during the July 2012 Extreme Melt Event. Journal of Climate. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0071.1.


• Kalesse, H., G. de Boer, A. Solomon, M. Oue, M. Ahlgrimm, D. Zhang, M. D. Shupe, E. Luke, and A. Protat, 2016:
  Understanding rapid changes in phase partitioning between cloud liquid and ice in stratiform mixed-phase clouds:
  An Arctic case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 4805-4826. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0155.1.


• Persson, P.O.G., M.D. Shupe, D. Perovich, and A. Solomon, 2016: Linking atmospheric synoptic transport, cloud phase,
  surface energy fluxes, and sea-ice growth: Observations of midwinter SHEBA conditions.
  Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3383-1.


• Solomon, A., G. Feingold, and M.D. Shupe, 2015: The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice
  in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10631-10643, doi:10.5194/acp-15-10631-2015.


• Kravitz, B., H. Wang, P.J. Rasch, H. Morrison, and A.B. Solomon, 2014: Process-model simulations of cloud albedo
  enhancement by aerosols in the Arctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0052.


• Solomon, A., 2014: Using initialized hindcasts to assess simulations of 1970-2009 equatorial Pacific SST,
  zonal wind stress, and surface flux trends. J. Climate, 27, 7385-7393, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00709.1.


• Ovchinnikov, M., A. Ackerman, A. Avramov, A. Cheng, J. Fan, A. Fridlind, S. Ghan, J. Harrington, C. Hoose,
  A. Korolev, G. McFarquhar, H. Morrison, M. Paukert, J. Savre, B. Shipway, M. Shupe, A. Solomon, K. Sulia, 2014:
  Intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds: Importance of ice size distribution assumptions.
  J.A.M.E.S., doi:10.1002/2013MS000282.


• Solomon, A., M.D. Shupe, P.O.G. Persson, H. Morrison, T. Yamaguchi, P.M. Caldwell, and G. de Boer, 2014:
  The sensitivity of springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds to surface layer and cloud-top
  inversion layer moisture sources. J. Atmos. Sci., doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0179.1.


• Goddard, L., A. Kumar, A. Solomon and the U.S. CLIVAR Decadal Predictability Working Group, 2013:
  A Verification Framework for Interannual-to-Decadal Predictions Experiments.
  Climate Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1481-2.
  In Web of Science top 1% of papers published in 2013


• Solomon, A., 2013: Using initialized decadal hindcasts to assess simulated 50-year trends in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean.
  U.S. CLIVAR Variations, 11, 3-6.


• Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2012: Reconciling disparate 20th century Indo-Pacific ocean temperature trends
  in the instrumental record. Nature Climate Change, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1591.
  In Web of Science top 1% of papers published in 2012


• Solomon, A., M.D. Shupe, P.O.G. Persson, and H. Morrison, 2011: Moisture and dynamical interactions
  maintaining decoupled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in the presence of a humidity inversion.
  ACP, 11, 10127-10148, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10127-2011.


• Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2011: Decadal predictability of tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean temperature trends
  due to anthropogenic forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02703, doi:10.1029/2010GL045978.


• Solomon, A., L. Goddard, A. Kumar, J. Carton, C. Deser, I. Fukumori, A. Greene, G. Hegerl, B. Kirtman,
  Y. Kushnir, M. Newman, D. Smith, D. Vimont, T. Delworth, J. Meehl, and T. Stockdale, 2011:
  Distinguishing the roles of natural and anthropogenically forced decadal climate variability: Implications for prediction.
  Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., doi: 10.1175/2010BAMS2962.1.
  In Web of Science top 1% of papers published in 2011


• Solomon, A., 2010: Interannual ENSO variability due to coupled ocean-atmosphere bridges.
  GRL, 37, L02706, doi:10.1029/2009GL041622.


• Solomon, A., H. Morrison, P.O.G. Persson, M.D. Shupe, and J.-W. Bao, 2009: Investigation of
  microphysical parameterizations of snow and ice in Arctic clouds during M-PACE through
  model-observation comparisons. Monthly Weather Review, 137, 3110-3128, doi:10.1175/2009MWR2688.1.
  Awarded NOAA OAR 2010 Outstanding Scientific Publication Award


• Zhang, Y., P.H. Stone, and A. Solomon, 2009: The role of boundary layer processes in eddy equilibration
  in a modified quasi-geostrophic model. JAS. doi:10.1175/2008JAS2914.1.


• Solomon, A., S.-I. Shin, M.A. Alexander, and J.P. McCreary, 2008: The relative importance of tropical variability
  forced from the North Pacific through ocean pathways. Climate Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0353-7.


• Wainer, I., A. Lazar, and A. Solomon, 2006: Tropical extra-tropical thermocline water mass exchanges
  in the Community Climate Model v.3 Part I: the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean Sci., 2, 137-146.


• Solomon, A., 2006: The impact of latent heat release on polar climate.
  GRL, 22, L07716,doi:10.1029/2005GL025607.


• Solomon, A., and D. Zhang, 2006: Pacific Subtropical Cell variability in coupled climate
  model simulations of the late 19th- 20th Century. Ocean Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.007.


• Solomon, A., and I. Wainer, 2006: Pacific tropical-extratropical thermocline water mass
  exchanges in the NCAR CCSM3. Ocean Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.04.003.


• Solomon, A., and F.-F. Jin, 2005: A study of the impact of off-equatorial Warm-Pool
  SST anomalies on ENSO cycles.* J. Clim., 18, 274-286.


• Solomon, A., J.P. McCreary, R. Kleeman, and B.A. Klinger, 2003: Interactions between
  interannual tropical oscillations and decadal extratropical oscillations in an intermediate
  coupled model of the Pacific basin. J. Clim., 16, No. 3, 2395-2410.


• Solomon, A., and P.H. Stone, 2001b: On the sensitivity of an intermediate model of the
  mid-latitude troposphere's equilibrium to changes in radiative forcing.*
  J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2395-2410. IPRC-58.


• Solomon, A., and P.H. Stone, 2001a: Equilibration in an eddy resolving model with
  simplified physics.* J Atmos. Sci., 58, 561-574.


• Solomon, A., and R.S. Lindzen, 2000: The impact of resolution on a numerical simulation
  of the barotropic point jet.* J. Atmos. Sci. , 57, No. 23, 3799-3816.


• Solomon, A., 1997: An observational study of the spatial and temporal scales of
  transient eddy sensible heat fluxes.* J. Clim., 10, No. 3, 508-520.


• Trenberth, K. E., J. W. Hurrell, and A. Solomon, 1994: Conservation of mass in
  three dimensions.* J. Clim., 8, No. 4, 692-708.


• Trenberth, K.E. and A. Solomon, 1994: The global heat balance: Heat transports
  in the atmosphere and ocean. Climate Dynamics , 10, 107-134.


• Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1993: Implications of global atmospheric spatial
  spectra for processing and displaying data.* J. Clim., 6, 531-545.