ECHAM5

Roeckner, E., G. Bäuml, L. Bonaventura, R. Brokopf, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, S. Hagemann, I. Kirchner, L. Kornblueh, E. Manzini, A. Rhodin, U. Schlese, U. Schulzweida, and A. Tompkins, (2003) The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. 349, 127 pp.

CanESM

Second generation Canadian Earth System Model

CAM4

Neale, R. B., et al., (2010a) Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 4.0), NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-XXX+STR, 206 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res, Boulder, Colo.

CAM5.1

Neale, R. B., et al., (2012) Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 5.0), NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-486+STR, 289 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res, Boulder, Colo.

CESM1-CAM5

Kay, J. E., Deser, C., Phillips, A., Mai, A., Hannay, C., Strand, G., Arblaster, J., Bates, S., Danabasoglu, G., Edwards, J., Holland, M. Kushner, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, D., Lindsay, K., Middleton, A., Munoz, E., Neale, R., Oleson, K., Polvani, L., and M. Vertenstein (2015) The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A Community Resource for Studying Climate Change in the Presence of Internal Climate Variability, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1, 96, 1333-1349.

GEOS-5

Molod, A., L. Takacs, M. Suarez, J. Bacmeister, I. Somg, and A. Eichmann, 2012: The GEOS-5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model: Mean Climate and Development from MERRA to Fortuna. Tech. rep., NASA Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA TM2012-104606, Vol. 28, 117 pp.

GFDL-AM3

Donner, L. J., and Coauthors (2011) The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component of the GFDL global coupled model CM3. J. Climate, 24, 3484–3519, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1

GFDL-SPEAR

Delworth,T.L., et al (2020). SPEAR: The Next Generation GFDL Modeling System for Seasonal to Multidecadal Prediction and Projection, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12, e2019MS001895, doi: 10.1029/2019MS001895

GFS

Suranjana Saha, Shrinivas Moorthi, Xingren Wu, Jiande Wang, Sudhir Nadiga, Patrick Tripp, David Behringer, Yu-Tai Hou, Hui-ya Chuang, Mark Iredell, Michael Ek, Jesse Meng, Rongqian Yang, Malaquías Peña Mendez, Huug van den Dool, Qin Zhang, Wanqiu Wang, Mingyue Chen, and Emily Becker (2014) The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. J. Climate, 27, 2185–2208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00823.1

20th Century Reanalysis V2

Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley (2011) The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28. doi: 10.1002/qj.776

20th Century Reanalysis V2c

Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley, (2011) The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28. doi: 10.1002/qj.776

20th Century Reanalysis V3

Slivinski, L. C., Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Giese, B. S., McColl, C., Allan, R., Yin, X., Vose, R., Titchner, H., Kennedy, J., Spencer, L. J., Ashcroft, L., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Camuffo, D., Cornes, R., Cram, T. A., Crouthamel, R., Domínguez?Castro, F., Freeman, J. E., Gergis, J., Hawkins, E., Jones, P. D., Jourdain, S., Kaplan, A., Kubota, H., Le Blancq, F., Lee, T., Lorrey, A., Luterbacher, J., Maugeri, M., Mock, C. J., Moore, G. K., Przybylak, R., Pudmenzky, C., Reason, C., Slonosky, V. C., Smith, C., Tinz, B., Trewin, B., Valente, M. A., Wang, X. L., Wilkinson, C., Wood, K. and Wyszy?ski, P. (2019) Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system. Q J R Meteorol Soc. doi: 10.1002/qj.3598

CERA-20C

Laloyaux, P., Balmaseda, M., Dee, D., Mogensen, K. and Janssen, P. (2016) A coupled data assimilation system for climate reanalysis. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 142: 65-78. 10.1002/qj.2629

ERA-Interim

Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E.V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A.P., Monge?Sanz, B.M., Morcrette, J.?J., Park, B.?K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.?N. and Vitart, F. (2011) The ERA?Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553-597. doi: 10.1002/qj.828

ERA5

Malardel, S., N. Wedi, W. Deconinck, M. Diamantakis, C. Kuhnlein, G. Mozdzynski, M. Hamrud, and P. Smolarkiewicz, (2015) A new grid for the IFS. Newsletter No. 146 - Winter 2015/16, ECMWF, 6 pp.

JRA55

Kobayashi, S., Y. Ota, Y. Harada, A. Ebita, M. Moriya, H. Onoda, K. Onogi, H. Kamahori, C. Kobayashi, H. Endo, K. Miyaoka, and K. Takahashi (2015) The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 93, 5-48, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2015-001

MERRA

Rienecker, M.M., M.J. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister, E. Liu, M.G. Bosilovich, S.D. Schubert, L. Takacs, G.-K. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. da Silva, et al. (2011) MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1

MERRA-2

Gelaro, R., et al., 2017, The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) J. Clim., doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1

NCEP/NCAR R1

Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K.C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, R. Jenne, and D. Joseph (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471

COBE SST

Ishii, M., A. Shouji, S. Sugimoto, and T. Matsumoto (2005) Objective Analyses of Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Meteorological Variables for the 20th Century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 865-879.

COBE2 SST

Hirahara, S., Ishii, M., and Y. Fukuda, (2014) Centennial-scale sea surface temperature analysis and its uncertainty. J of Climate, 27, 57-75. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00837.1

GHCN CAMS

Fan, Y., and H. van den Dool (2008) A global monthly land surface air temperature analysis for 1948-present, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D01103, doi:10.1029/2007JD008470

GPCC

Schneider et al (2017) Evaluating the Hydrological Cycle over Land Using the Newly-Corrected Precipitation Climatology from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC). Atmosphere 8(3), 52; doi:10.3390/atmos8030052

GPCP

Adler et al. (2016) An Update (Version 2.3) of the GPCP Monthly Analysis. (in Preparation). Huffman, G.J., R.F. Adler, P. Arkin, A. Chang, R. Ferraro, A. Gruber, J. Janowiak, A. McNab, B. Rudolf, U. Schneider, 1997: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Combined Precipitation Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78(1), 5-20.

HadCRUT5 Analysis

Osborn, T.J., Jones, P.D., Lister, D.H., Morice, C.P., Simpson, I.R., Winn, J.P., Hogan, E., and Harris, I.C., (2021) Land surface air temperature variations across the globe updated to 2019: the CRUTEM5 dataset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 126, e2019JD032352, doi: 10.1029/2019JD032352

HadISST

Rayner, N. A.; Parker, D. E.; Horton, E. B.; Folland, C. K.; Alexander, L. V.; Rowell, D. P.; Kent, E. C.; Kaplan, A. (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century J. Geophys. Res.Vol. 108, No. D14, 4407 doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670

NASA GISTEMP

Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, (2019) Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi: 10.1029/2018JD029522

NOAA ERSST V3b

Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, T.C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, (2008) Improvements NOAAs Historical Merged Land–Ocean Temp Analysis (1880–2006). Journal of Climate, 21, 2283–2296

NOAA ERSST V5

Boyin Huang, Peter W. Thorne, Viva F. Banzon, Tim Boyer, Gennady Chepurin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas M. Smith, Russell S. Vose, and Huai-Min Zhang (2017) NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. subset used. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi: 10.7289/V5T72FNM date

NOAA OISST v2.1

Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang, (2002) An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625

NOAA PRECL

Chen, M., P. Xie, J. E. Janowiak, and P. A. Arkin (2002) Global Land Precipitation: A 50-yr Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, J. of Hydrometeorology, 3, 249-266

U Delaware 5.01

Willmott, C. J. and K. Matsuura (2001) Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation: Monthly and Annual Time Series (1950 - 1999), http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/README.ghcn_ts2.html