El Niño Index Dashboard
ENSO is a phenomenon which extends over large spatial area and can have a different seasonal evolution from event to event. The different patterns have implications for climate impacts both locally and at a distance. The following indices all help characterize ENSO but at different locations and time scales. See the PSL news story on flavors of ENSO. Also see the web page to analyze and compare time series. There are two products available. First are plots of the progression of the current event is compared to historic El Niño events. There is a shorter time-series (1948 onward) index section and a longer (1870 onward) one. There are fewer time series that cover from 1870 to present. Second are time-series plots of various ENSO indices. Events are selected using the MEI.ext and the ERSST V5 SST datasets as a guide. See event year lists.
There is also a La Niña Dashboard looking at the recent index values and comparing them to historic La Niña events and a Neutral Dashboard looking at the current year to neutral events.
| These plots show current values of various indices vs. seven events since 1948. | ||||
| Name | Description | Current Value vs. Historic El Niño Events |
Latest Value | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MEI V2 |
A multi-variate index of ENSO which uses SST, winds, SLP, and OLR. It is calculated using the JRA55 reanalysis dataset and the NCEI OLR. Produced at NOAA PSL. |  | -0.68 | Nov 2024 |
Niño 4 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO4 region 5°North-5°South; 160°East-150°West (western most of Niño indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
0.19 | Nov 2024 |
Niño 3.4 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO34 region 5°North-5°South;170-120°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Correlates well with teleconnections to North America. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.19 | Nov 2024 |
Niño 3 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO3 region 5°North-5°South;150°West-90°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.13 | Nov 2024 |
Niño 1.2 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO1 and NINO2 regions 0-10°South;90°West-80°West (eastern most of the Niña indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
0.04 | Nov 2024 |
ONI |
Oceanic Niño Index: 3 month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region (5°N-5°S, 120°-170°W) Calculated from the ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.24 | Oct 2024 |
BEST |
Bivariate El Nino- Southern Oscillation Index: The Niño 3.4 SST and SOI are normalized and combined. SST is from the HadISST1.1. SOI is from NOAA/CPC. Produced at NOAA PSL. |  |
1.26 | Jul 2023 |
SOI |
Southern Oscillation Index: Difference between standardized Darwin and standardized Tahiti surface pressure values. It represents the atmospheric component of the ENSO. The sign is opposite that of the Nino indices and it is noisier than those indices. From NOAA/CPC |  |
0.80 | Nov 2024 |
TNI |
Trans-Niño Index: Standardized Niño 1+2 minus the Niño 4 with a 5 month running mean applied (restandardized). It represents the gradient of the SST in the ENSO region of the tropical Pacific. Calculated from the Monthly HadISST1.1 dataset. |  |
-2.35 | Jul 2024 |
PDO |
Pacific Decadal Oscillation: leading principal component of monthly SST anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean, poleward of 20N (global SST mean removed). Calculated from the NOAA ERSSTV5, COBE SST, and HadISST1.1 (NOAA/PSL). |  |
-2.75 | Sep 2024 |
PNA |
Pacific NorthAmerican Pattern. The PNA is one of the most prominent modes of extratropical variability in the northern Hemisphere. This version is calculated at NOAA/CPC. It is based on EOF's calculated from monthly anomalies of 500mb height from the NCEP Reanalysis. |  |
0.05 | Nov 2024 |
OLR | Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E-160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection. Negative OLR represents increased convention. Calculated at NOAA/CPC. |  |
1.10 | Nov 2024 |
Heat Content |
Tropical Pacific integrated temperature anomalies (0-300m) 160°E–80°W. Calculated at NOAA/CPC from the GODAS dataset. |  |
-0.38 | Nov 2024 |
200mb Zonal Winds |
200mb Zonal Wind anomalies 2.5S-2.5N; 165W-110W. Calculated at NOAA/PSL from the NCEP R1. |  |
-2.92 | Nov 2024 |
ESPI Precip Index |
ENSO Precipitation Index. The index is based on rainfall anomalies in two rectangular areas, one in the eastern tropical Pacific (10°S-10°N, 160°E-100°W) and the other over the Maritime Continent (10°S-10°N, 90°E-150°E). The first step of the procedure involves moving a 10° by 50° block around each box; the minimum and maximum values of all possible blocks is obtained for each box and these are combined to estimate an El Niño precipitation index (EI) and a La Niña precipitation index (LI). The EI and LI are in turn combined to create the ESPI index. Finally, the ESPI index is normalized to have zero mean and unit standard deviation. Calculated at UMD. |  |
1.31 | Oct 2023 |
| These plots show current 2015 event values of various indices vs 9 events since 1870. | ||||
| Name | Description | Current value vs Historic El Niiño Events | Latest Value | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Niño 4 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO4 region 5°North-5°South; 160°East-150°West (western most of Niño indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
0.58 | Aug 2024 |
Niño 3.4 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO34 region 5°North-5°South;170-120°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Correlates well with teleconnections to North America. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
0.18 | Aug 2024 |
Niño 3 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO3 region 5°North-5°South;150°West-90°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
-0.07 | Aug 2024 |
Niño 1.2 |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO1 and NINO2 regions 0-10°South;90°West-80°West (eastern most of the Niña indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
0.19 | Aug 2024 |
TNI |
Trans-Niño Index: Standardized Niño 1+2 minus the Niño 4 with a 5 month running mean applied (restandardized). It represents the gradient of the SST in the ENSO region of the tropical Pacific. Calculated from the Monthly HadISSTV1.1 dataset. |  |
0.14 | Nov 2022 |
| These plots show time-series plots of the monthly values from 1948 to present for the set of ENSO indices. Click plots to enlarge. | ||||||
| Name | Description | Time Series | Latest Value | Latest date | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Niño 4 (data) | SST anomalies averaged over the NINO4 region 5°North–5°South; 160°East–150°West (western most of Nino indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
0.19 (C) | Nov 2024 | ||
Niño 3.4 (data) | SST anomalies averaged over the NINO34 region 5°North-5°South;170-120°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Correlates well with teleconnections to North America. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.19 (C) | Nov 2024 | ||
Niño 3 (data) |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO3 region 5°North–5°South; 150°West–90°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.13 (C) | Nov 2024 | ||
Niño 1+2 (data) | SST anomalies averaged over the NINO1 and NINO2 regions 0-10°South; 90°West–80°West (eastern most of the Niña indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
0.04 (C) | Nov 2024 | ||
ONI (data) | Oceanic Niño Index: 3 month running mean of ERSST.v4 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region (5°N–5°S, 120°&8211;170°W) Calculated from the ERSST V5 (at NOAA/CPC). |  |
-0.24 (C) | Oct 2024 | ||
BEST (data) | Bivariate El Nino- Southern Oscillation Index: The Niño 3.4 SST and SOI are normalized and combined. SST is from the HadISST1.1 SOI is from NOAA/CPC. Produced at NOAA PSL. |  |
1.26 | Dec 2015 | ||
SOI (data) | Southern Oscillation Index: Difference between standardized Darwin and standardized Tahiti surface pressure values. It represents the atmospheric component of the ENSO. The sign is opposite that of the Nino indices and it is noisier than those indices. From NOAA/CPC |  |
0.80 | Nov 2024 | ||
MEI V2 (data) |
A multi-variate index of ENSO which uses SST, winds, SLP, and OLR. It is calculated using the ICOADS dataset. Produced at NOAA PSL. |  |
-0.68 | Nov 2024 | ||
TNI (data) | Trans-Niño Index: Standardized Niño 1+2 minus the Niño 4 with a 5 month running mean applied (restandardized). It represents the gradient of the SST in the ENSO region of the tropical Pacific. Calculated from the Monthly HadISST1.1 dataset. |  |
-2.35 | Jul 2024 | ||
PDO (data) | Pacific Decadal Oscillation: leading principal component of monthly SST anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean, poleward of 20N (global SST mean removed). Calculated from the NOAA OISST V1 and V2 (U of Washington). |  |
-2.75 | Sep 2024 | ||
PNA (data) | Pacific NorthAmerican Pattern. The PNA is one of the most prominent modes of extratropical variability in the northern Hemisphere. This version is calculated at NOAA/CPC. It is based on EOF's calculated from monthly anomalies of 500mb height from the NCEP Reanalysis. |  |
0.05 | Nov 2024 | ||
OLR (data) | Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E–160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection. Negative OLR represents increased convention. Calculated at NOAA/CPC. |  |
1.10 (std) | Nov 2024 | ||
Heat Content (data) | Tropical Pacific integrated temperature anomalies (0-300m) 160°E-–0°W. Calculated at NOAA/CPC from the GODAS dataset. |  |
-0.38 (C) | Nov 2024 | ||
200mb U (data) | ||||||
ESPI Precip Index (data) |
ENSO Precipitation Index. The index is based on rainfall anomalies in two rectangular areas, one in the eastern tropical Pacific (10°S-10°N, 160°E-100°W) and the other over the Maritime Continent (10°S-10°N, 90°E-150°E). The first step of the procedure involves moving a 10° by 50° block around each box; the minimum and maximum values of all possible blocks is obtained for each box and these are combined to estimate an El Niño precipitation index (EI) and a La Niña precipitation index (LI). The EI and LI are in turn combined to create the ESPI index. Finally, the ESPI index is normalized to have zero mean and unit standard deviation. Calculated at UMD. |  |
1.31 | Oct 2023 | ||
| These plots show time-series plots of the monthly values from 1870 to present for the set of ENSO indices. | ||||||
| Name | Description | Time Series | Latest Value | Latest date | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Niño 4 (data) |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO4 region 5°North-5°South; 160°East-150°West (western most of Nino indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). |  |
0.58 | Aug 2024 | ||
Niño 3.4(data) |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO34 region 5°North-5°South;170-120°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Correlates well with teleconnections to North America. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
0.18 | Aug 2024 | ||
Niño 3(data) |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO3 region 5°North-5°South;150°West-90°West. Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. | -0.07 | Aug 2024 | |||
Niño 1+2(data) |
SST anomalies averaged over the NINO1 and NINO2 regions 0-10°South;90°West-80°West (eastern most of the Nina indices). Total SSTs also available for this region. Calculated from the Monthly NOAA ERSST V5 (at NOAA PSL). Climatology 1981-2010. |  |
0.19 | Aug 2024 | ||
TNI(data) |
Trans-Niño Index: Standardized Niño 1+2 minus the Niño 4 with a 5 month running mean applied (restandardized). It represents the gradient of the SST in the ENSO region of the tropical Pacific. Calculated from the Monthly HadISSTV1.1 dataset. |  |
0.14 | Nov 2022 | ||
