Monthly Climate/Ocean Indices (Time-Series) at PSL
Time-series related to the atmosphere/ocean system are listed in the tables in the tabs along with a link to the data values and documentation. While we attempt to keep time-series updated, some time-series may not be. More recent data may be available at the source. Please see "Tools" for more information and caveats.
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Niño 1+2 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 1+2 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 3 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 3 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90W | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 3.4 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 3.4 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120W | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 4 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 4 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150W | Jan 1850 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI Extended) | Original MEI extended back in time using a slightly different method. It combined atmosphere/ocean variables to produce an ENSO timeseries. | Jan 1871 | Dec 2005 | NOAA/PSL |
| Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI V2) | SST and 5 atmospheric variables are combined using EOFs of the tropical Pacific to create a single index. | Jan 1979 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) | Three month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period. | Jan 1950 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Central Tropical Pacific OLR Index | Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E-160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection. | Jan 1974 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Pacific Warm Pool | Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period. | Jan 1854 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Trans-Niño Index (TNI) | The TNI is an index of the east/west SST difference in the tropical Pacific ocean. | Jan 1870 | Jun 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Equatorial Central Pacific Heat Content: 160E-80W | Equatorial Upper 300m temperature average anomaly based on 1981-2010 Climatology (deg C) for 160E-80W. | Jan 1979 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Bivariate ENSO Time-series (BEST) | SST and SOI are combined to form a single index of ENSO that incorporates the atmosphere explicitly. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) | Describes meridional variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | U of Wisconsin |
| Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) | Describes meridional variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | U of Wisconsin |
| Bakun Upwelling Indices Collection | A set of upwelling Indices along the west coast of the United States. | Jan 1967 | Jun 2024 | NOAA SW Fisheries |
| Dipole Mode Index (DMI or IOD) | A difference in SST between the east and west tropical Indian pacific ocean. | Jan 1870 | Jan 2022 | NOAA/PSL |
| Hurricane : Atlantic Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northern Atlantic Basin | Jan 1851 | Dec 2022 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: Atlantic ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northern Atlantic Basin. | Jan 1851 | Dec 2022 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NW Pacific Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northwestern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1950 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NW Pacific ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northwestern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1950 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NE Pacific Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northeastern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1971 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NE Pacific ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northeastern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1971 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) | A climate pattern derived from sea surface heights in the NE Pacific that is associated with fluctuations in the content of the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | E. Di Lorenzo |
| Pacific Decadal Oscillation PSL (PDO) | PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. Three SST datasets are combined to create this version. | Jan 1891 | Jun 2022 | U of Washington |
| Pacific Decadal Oscillation U of Washington (PDOUW) | PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. The NOAA OI SST V2 is used to create this version. | Jan 1900 | Jun 2022 | U of Washington |
| Global Sea Level | Reconstructed global-mean sea level evolution as measured from tide-gauge. | Jan 1900 | Dec 2018 | NASA/JPL |
| Tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) | Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area Ocean region that is greater than 28.5C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) from NOAA/CPC | Zonally symmetric oscillation calculated using the 1st EOF of 700mb height in the Southern Hemisphere south of 20S. | Jan 1979 | Dec 2023 | NOAA/CPC |
| Arctic Oscillation (AO) | The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Arctic Oscillation (AO) 20CRv3 | The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. This version is calculated from the 20CR V3 Reanalysis | Jan 1821 | Dec 2012 | NOAA/PSL |
| East Atlantic pattern (EA) | The EA pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) | The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference around the Azores and over Iceland. | Jan 1658 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/NGDC |
| Northern Oscillation Index (NOI) | An index of pressure differences similar to the SOI but for the northern hemisphere. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1806 | May 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Jones version | A time-series that is the difference between Gilbraltar and the Azores which is associated with zonal wind strength and location across the N Atlantic. | Jan 1821 | Jan 2024 | UEA CRU |
| North Pacific Index (NP) | The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. | Jan 1899 | Feb 2022 | NCAR |
| North Pacific Index (NP) from the 20CRV3 | The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. This index uses the 20CR SLP data. | Jan 1806 | Dec 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| Pacific North American Index (PNA) | The PNA pattern represents an alternating pressure pattern with associated changes in the East Asian Jet. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Scandinavian Index (SCAND) | The Scandinavian Index is a measure of blocking over western Russia and Scandinavia. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) | A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. It is defined as Tahiti minus Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1866 | Feb 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from the 20CRV3 | A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. This uses the 20CRV3 data and is the grid closes to Tahiti minus the grid closest to Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1806 | Dec 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| West Pacific (WP) Index | A dipole of pressure anomalies between NE Asia and the western Pacific Ocean/Asia to the south. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 at Mauna Loa | CO2 Measurements monthly averaged at the NOAA/GSL Mauna Loa station in Hawaii. | Jan 1958 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/GML |
| CO2: Global Average | Global Average of CO2 | Jan 1979 | May 2024 | NOAA/GML |
| Aleutian Low: Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (ALBSA) | An index that combines E/W, N/S 850mb differences in north Pacific/Arctic to capture troposphereic circulation variability in that region | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/GSL/PSL |
| Greenland Blocking Index (GBI (UL)) | GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over Greenland | Jan 1851 | Sep 2023 | U of Lincoln |
| Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) | GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over Greenland | Jan 1851 | May 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| Global Angular Momentum (GLAAM) | Globally averaged angular momentum calculated using angular momentum averaged over the whole atmosphere. | Jan 1958 | Mar 2014 | UEA CRU |
| Atlantic Main Development Region (MDR) | SST's in main region of cyclone development in the Atlantic. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) | The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. It is typically calculated from the zonal mean 30mb winds. | Jan 1948 | Sep 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Quasi-biennial Oscillation 50mb (QBO) | The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. This version uses 50mb zonal winds. | Jan 1948 | Sep 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Tropical Pacific 200mb averaged zonal winds. | 200mb zonal winds from 2.5S to 2.5N are averaged along the equator from 165W to 110W representing the upper equatorial zonal tropical Pacific circulation. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (RNAO) | The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference between the Subtropical (Azores) High and the Subpolar Low. | Jan 1870 | Jul 2001 | NOAA/PSL |
| Nakasaki Japan reconstructed SLP | Measured SLP | Jan 1818 | Dec 2000 | UEA CRU |
| Azores Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1865 | Dec 2002 | UEA CRU |
| Gilbraltar Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1821 | Jan 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Iceland Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1821 | Feb 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Madras reconstructed SLP | Measured SLP | Jan 1796 | Jan 2005 | UEA CRU |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil Rainfall | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1950 | Jun 2000 | NCAR |
| ENSO Precipitation Index (ESPI) | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1979 | Oct 2023 | U of Maryland |
| Sahel Rainfall | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1901 | Dec 2017 | JISAO |
| N. Sierra 8 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Northern Sierra's precipitation. | Oct 1920 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| C. Sierra 5 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Central Sierra's precipitation. | Oct 1913 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| S. Sierra 6 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Southern Sierra's precipitation. | Nov 1921 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| SW US Monsoon Region precipitation | SW Monsoon region (AZ/NM) precipitation from the US climate division dataset. | Jan 1895 | May 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Upper Colorado Basin precipitation | A regional timeseries of the Upper Colorado River basin using Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data. | Jan 1895 | Dec 2019 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NASA Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature over land using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN. | Jan 1880 | Aug 2024 | NASA |
| NASA Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged temperature land/ocean anomalies using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN. | Jan 1850 | Aug 2024 | NASA |
| Berkeley Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies over land from Berkeley Earth. | Jan 1750 | Jul 2024 | Berkeley Earth |
| Berkeley Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies from Berkeley Earth. Ocean is from HadSST3. | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | Berkeley Earth |
| CRU Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the CRUTEM5 land dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | UEA CRU |
| CRU Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the HadCRUT5 dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | UEA CRU |
| NOAA Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the GHCN and NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| NOAA Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the GHCN land dataset and the NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset. | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Hemisphere Ice Area | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Northern Hemisphere Ice Extent | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Extent | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent. | Jan 1966 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| Southern Hemisphere Ice Area | Satellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Southern Hemisphere Ice Extent | Satellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunspot Count | A count of observed sunspot. Observations are by eye throughout the whole time-series. | Jan 1749 | Aug 2024 | WDC-SILSO |
| Solar Flux (10.7cm) | Observed 10.7cm average monthly Solar Flux. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NRC Canada |
| US Tornado Count | The time-series has the monthly total of observed tornadoes in the US. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA SPC |
| Upper Colorado Basin Temperature | The time-series has the monthly temperature averaged over the Upper Colorado River Basin using the NOAA/NCEI GHCN 5km gridded dataset. | Jan 1895 | Dec 2019 | NOAA/PSL |
| Lee's Ferry Natural Streamflow (upper CO Basin Streamflow) | The time-series has the measured streamflow at Lee's Ferry and thus represents the upper Colorado Basin streamflow. | Oct 1905 | Dec 2017 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) from NOAA/CPC | Zonally symmetric oscillation calculated using the 1st EOF of 700mb height in the Southern Hemisphere south of 20S. | Jan 1979 | Dec 2023 | NOAA/CPC |
| Arctic Oscillation (AO) | The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Arctic Oscillation (AO) 20CRv3 | The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. This version is calculated from the 20CR V3 Reanalysis | Jan 1821 | Dec 2012 | NOAA/PSL |
| East Atlantic pattern (EA) | The EA pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) | The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference around the Azores and over Iceland. | Jan 1658 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/NGDC |
| Northern Oscillation Index (NOI) | An index of pressure differences similar to the SOI but for the northern hemisphere. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1806 | May 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Jones version | A time-series that is the difference between Gilbraltar and the Azores which is associated with zonal wind strength and location across the N Atlantic. | Jan 1821 | Jan 2024 | UEA CRU |
| North Pacific Index (NP) | The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. | Jan 1899 | Feb 2022 | NCAR |
| North Pacific Index (NP) from the 20CRV3 | The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. This index uses the 20CR SLP data. | Jan 1806 | Dec 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| Pacific North American Index (PNA) | The PNA pattern represents an alternating pressure pattern with associated changes in the East Asian Jet. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Scandinavian Index (SCAND) | The Scandinavian Index is a measure of blocking over western Russia and Scandinavia. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) | A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. It is defined as Tahiti minus Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1866 | Feb 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from the 20CRV3 | A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. This uses the 20CRV3 data and is the grid closes to Tahiti minus the grid closest to Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. | Jan 1806 | Dec 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| West Pacific (WP) Index | A dipole of pressure anomalies between NE Asia and the western Pacific Ocean/Asia to the south. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 at Mauna Loa | CO2 Measurements monthly averaged at the NOAA/GSL Mauna Loa station in Hawaii. | Jan 1958 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/GML |
| CO2: Global Average | Global Average of CO2 | Jan 1979 | May 2024 | NOAA/GML |
| Aleutian Low: Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (ALBSA) | An index that combines E/W, N/S 850mb differences in north Pacific/Arctic to capture troposphereic circulation variability in that region | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/GSL/PSL |
| Greenland Blocking Index (GBI (UL)) | GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over Greenland | Jan 1851 | Sep 2023 | U of Lincoln |
| Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) | GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over Greenland | Jan 1851 | May 2015 | NOAA/PSL |
| Global Angular Momentum (GLAAM) | Globally averaged angular momentum calculated using angular momentum averaged over the whole atmosphere. | Jan 1958 | Mar 2014 | UEA CRU |
| Atlantic Main Development Region (MDR) | SST's in main region of cyclone development in the Atlantic. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) | The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. It is typically calculated from the zonal mean 30mb winds. | Jan 1948 | Sep 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Quasi-biennial Oscillation 50mb (QBO) | The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. This version uses 50mb zonal winds. | Jan 1948 | Sep 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Tropical Pacific 200mb averaged zonal winds. | 200mb zonal winds from 2.5S to 2.5N are averaged along the equator from 165W to 110W representing the upper equatorial zonal tropical Pacific circulation. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (RNAO) | The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference between the Subtropical (Azores) High and the Subpolar Low. | Jan 1870 | Jul 2001 | NOAA/PSL |
| Nakasaki Japan reconstructed SLP | Measured SLP | Jan 1818 | Dec 2000 | UEA CRU |
| Azores Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1865 | Dec 2002 | UEA CRU |
| Gilbraltar Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1821 | Jan 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Iceland Sea Level Pressure (SLP) | Measured SLP | Jan 1821 | Feb 2024 | UEA CRU |
| Madras reconstructed SLP | Measured SLP | Jan 1796 | Jan 2005 | UEA CRU |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Niño 1+2 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 1+2 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 3 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 3 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90W | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 3.4 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 3.4 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120W | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Niño 4 (HadISST) | SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150W | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Niño 4 (ERSSTv5) | SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150W | Jan 1850 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI Extended) | Original MEI extended back in time using a slightly different method. It combined atmosphere/ocean variables to produce an ENSO timeseries. | Jan 1871 | Dec 2005 | NOAA/PSL |
| Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI V2) | SST and 5 atmospheric variables are combined using EOFs of the tropical Pacific to create a single index. | Jan 1979 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) | Three month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period. | Jan 1950 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Central Tropical Pacific OLR Index | Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E-160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection. | Jan 1974 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/CPC |
| Pacific Warm Pool | Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period. | Jan 1854 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Trans-Niño Index (TNI) | The TNI is an index of the east/west SST difference in the tropical Pacific ocean. | Jan 1870 | Jun 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Equatorial Central Pacific Heat Content: 160E-80W | Equatorial Upper 300m temperature average anomaly based on 1981-2010 Climatology (deg C) for 160E-80W. | Jan 1979 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Bivariate ENSO Time-series (BEST) | SST and SOI are combined to form a single index of ENSO that incorporates the atmosphere explicitly. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) | Describes meridional variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | U of Wisconsin |
| Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) | Describes meridional variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | U of Wisconsin |
| Bakun Upwelling Indices Collection | A set of upwelling Indices along the west coast of the United States. | Jan 1967 | Jun 2024 | NOAA SW Fisheries |
| Dipole Mode Index (DMI or IOD) | A difference in SST between the east and west tropical Indian pacific ocean. | Jan 1870 | Jan 2022 | NOAA/PSL |
| Hurricane : Atlantic Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northern Atlantic Basin | Jan 1851 | Dec 2022 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: Atlantic ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northern Atlantic Basin. | Jan 1851 | Dec 2022 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NW Pacific Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northwestern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1950 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NW Pacific ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northwestern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1950 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NE Pacific Days | Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northeastern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1971 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| Hurricane: NE Pacific ACE | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northeastern Pacific Basin. | Jan 1971 | Dec 2021 | Col St Univ |
| North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) | A climate pattern derived from sea surface heights in the NE Pacific that is associated with fluctuations in the content of the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | E. Di Lorenzo |
| Pacific Decadal Oscillation PSL (PDO) | PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. Three SST datasets are combined to create this version. | Jan 1891 | Jun 2022 | U of Washington |
| Pacific Decadal Oscillation U of Washington (PDOUW) | PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. The NOAA OI SST V2 is used to create this version. | Jan 1900 | Jun 2022 | U of Washington |
| Global Sea Level | Reconstructed global-mean sea level evolution as measured from tide-gauge. | Jan 1900 | Dec 2018 | NASA/JPL |
| Tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) | Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area Ocean region that is greater than 28.5C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. | Jan 1870 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil Rainfall | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1950 | Jun 2000 | NCAR |
| ENSO Precipitation Index (ESPI) | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1979 | Oct 2023 | U of Maryland |
| Sahel Rainfall | A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content. | Jan 1901 | Dec 2017 | JISAO |
| N. Sierra 8 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Northern Sierra's precipitation. | Oct 1920 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| C. Sierra 5 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Central Sierra's precipitation. | Oct 1913 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| S. Sierra 6 station precipitation time-series | A regional time-series of the Southern Sierra's precipitation. | Nov 1921 | Aug 2024 | CDEC/DWR California |
| SW US Monsoon Region precipitation | SW Monsoon region (AZ/NM) precipitation from the US climate division dataset. | Jan 1895 | May 2024 | NOAA/PSL |
| Upper Colorado Basin precipitation | A regional timeseries of the Upper Colorado River basin using Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data. | Jan 1895 | Dec 2019 | NOAA/PSL |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NASA Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature over land using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN. | Jan 1880 | Aug 2024 | NASA |
| NASA Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged temperature land/ocean anomalies using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN. | Jan 1850 | Aug 2024 | NASA |
| Berkeley Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies over land from Berkeley Earth. | Jan 1750 | Jul 2024 | Berkeley Earth |
| Berkeley Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies from Berkeley Earth. Ocean is from HadSST3. | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | Berkeley Earth |
| CRU Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the CRUTEM5 land dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | UEA CRU |
| CRU Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the HadCRUT5 dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | UEA CRU |
| NOAA Global Land Temperature | Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the GHCN and NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| NOAA Global Land/Ocean Temperature | Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the GHCN land dataset and the NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset. | Jan 1850 | Jul 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Hemisphere Ice Area | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Northern Hemisphere Ice Extent | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Extent | Satellite derived Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent. | Jan 1966 | Aug 2024 | NOAA/NCEI |
| Southern Hemisphere Ice Area | Satellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Southern Hemisphere Ice Extent | Satellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis. | Nov 1978 | Sep 2024 | NSIDC |
| Name | Description | Start Date | End Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunspot Count | A count of observed sunspot. Observations are by eye throughout the whole time-series. | Jan 1749 | Aug 2024 | WDC-SILSO |
| Solar Flux (10.7cm) | Observed 10.7cm average monthly Solar Flux. | Jan 1948 | Aug 2024 | NRC Canada |
| US Tornado Count | The time-series has the monthly total of observed tornadoes in the US. | Jan 1950 | Aug 2024 | NOAA SPC |
| Upper Colorado Basin Temperature | The time-series has the monthly temperature averaged over the Upper Colorado River Basin using the NOAA/NCEI GHCN 5km gridded dataset. | Jan 1895 | Dec 2019 | NOAA/PSL |
| Lee's Ferry Natural Streamflow (upper CO Basin Streamflow) | The time-series has the measured streamflow at Lee's Ferry and thus represents the upper Colorado Basin streamflow. | Oct 1905 | Dec 2017 | NOAA/PSL |
Tools and Information
Index time-series page are listed in the tables with a link to the data values and documentation. While we attempt to keep time-series updated, some time-series may not be. More recent data may be available at the source.. Please also note that indices even for the same phenomena may not be defined the same way. As an example, some teleconnections are defined by a pattern for one season while another source may use a pattern that changes seasonally. Climatologies may differ, input datasets may differ, etc.. Some index timeseries may not be defined for all months. Users need to look at the data and documentation to determine if it is useful for them and how to interpret results. Also note that all timeseries in the PSL format start in January even if the actual data doesn't start until later in year. Similarly all time-series end in December. Missing values are to fill in 12 months of values, if needed.- List of PSL tools to extract other timeseries and also to analyze and ue some of these timeseries.
- Code to read time-series
Extract time-series
Other Major Climate/Ocean Index Sites and Dashboards
- NOAA/CPC Atmospheric Teleconnections
- NOAA/NCEI Weather Patterns
- KNMI Climate Explorer Monthly Time-series
- ENSO Dashboard
- Climate Dashboard of Dashboards