Monthly Climate/Ocean Time-series at PSL

Time-series related to the atmosphere/ocean system are listed in the tables in the tabs along with a link to the data values and documentation. While we attempt to keep time-series updated, some time-series may not be. More recent data may be available at the source. Please see "Tools" for more information and caveats.


Ocean Time-series: ENSO Indices
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Niño 1+2 (HadISST) SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 1+2 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series.Jan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 3 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 3 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90WJan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 3.4 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 3.4 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120WJan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 4 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 4 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150WJan 1850near presentNOAA/CPC
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI Extended) Original MEI extended back in time using a slightly different method. It combined atmosphere/ocean variables to produce an ENSO timeseries.Jan 1871Dec 2005NOAA/PSL
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI V2) SST and 5 atmospheric variables are combined using EOFs of the tropical Pacific to create a single index.Jan 1979presentNOAA/PSL
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)Three month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period.Jan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Central Tropical Pacific OLR IndexOutgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E-160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection.Jan 1974near presentNOAA/CPC
Pacific Warm Pool Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period.Jan 18542021NOAA/PSL
Trans-Niño Index (TNI) The TNI is an index of the east/west SST difference in the tropical Pacific ocean.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Equatorial Central Pacific Heat Content: 160E-80WEquatorial Upper 300m temperature average anomaly based on 1981-2010 Climatology (deg C) for 160E-80W.Jan 1979near presentNOAA/PSL
Bivariate ENSO Time-series (BEST) SST and SOI are combined to form a single index of ENSO that incorporates the atmosphere explicitly.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL

Ocean Time-series: Non-ENSO
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM)Describes meridional variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Jan 1948near presentU of Wisconsin
Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM)Describes meridional variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Jan 1948near presentU of Wisconsin
Dipole Mode Index (DMI or IOD)A difference in SST between the east and west tropical Indian pacific ocean.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Hurricane : Atlantic DaysNumber of days where hurricanes are active in the Northern Atlantic BasinJan 18512022Col St Univ
Hurricane: Atlantic ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northern Atlantic Basin.Jan 18512022Col St Univ
Hurricane: NW Pacific Days Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northwestern Pacific Basin.Jan 19502021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NW Pacific ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northwestern Pacific Basin.Jan 19502021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NE Pacific Days Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northeastern Pacific Basin.Jan 19712021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NE Pacific ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northeastern Pacific Basin.Jan 19712021Col St Univ
North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO)A climate pattern derived from sea surface heights in the NE Pacific that is associated with fluctuations in the content of the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. Jan 1950presentE. Di Lorenzo
Pacific Decadal Oscillation PSL (PDO) PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. Three SST datasets are combined to create this version.Jan 1891near presentU of Washington
Pacific Decadal Oscillation U of Washington (PDOUW) PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. The NOAA OI SST V2 is used to create this version.Jan 1900near presentU of Washington
Global Sea LevelReconstructed global-mean sea level evolution as measured from tide-gauge.Jan 1900Dec 2018NASA/JPL
Tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area Ocean region that is greater than 28.5C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Atmosphere Teleconnections
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) from NOAA/CPCZonally symmetric oscillation calculated using the 1st EOF of 700mb height in the Southern Hemisphere south of 20S.Jan 1979Dec 2023NOAA/CPC
Arctic Oscillation (AO) The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Arctic Oscillation (AO) 20CRv3 The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. This version is calculated from the 20CR V3 ReanalysisJan 1821near present NOAA/PSL
East Atlantic pattern (EA) The EA pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west.Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference around the Azores and over Iceland.Jan 1658Dec 2001NOAA/NGDC
Northern Oscillation Index (NOI) An index of pressure differences similar to the SOI but for the northern hemisphere. It is strongly related to ENSO.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Jones version
A time-series that is the difference between Gilbraltar and the Azores which is associated with zonal wind strength and location across the N Atlantic.Jan 1821near present UEA CRU
North Pacific Index (NP) The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations.Jan 1899near present NCAR
North Pacific Index (NP) from the 20CRV3The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. This index uses the 20CR SLP data.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
Pacific North American Index (PNA)The PNA pattern represents an alternating pressure pattern with associated changes in the East Asian Jet. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Scandinavian Index (SCAND)The Scandinavian Index is a measure of blocking over western Russia and Scandinavia. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. It is defined as Tahiti minus Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. Jan 1866near present UEA CRU
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from the 20CRV3 A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. This uses the 20CRV3 data and is the grid closes to Tahiti minus the grid closest to Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
West Pacific (WP) Index A dipole of pressure anomalies between NE Asia and the western Pacific Ocean/Asia to the south.Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Other Atmosphere Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
CO2 at Mauna Loa CO2 Measurements monthly averaged from Mauna Loa, Hawaii.Jan 1958near present NOAA/GML
Aleutian Low: Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (ALBSA) A blocking RegimeJan 1948near present NOAA/GSL
Greenland Blocking Index (GBI (UL)) GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over GreenlandJan 1851near present U of Lincoln
Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over GreenlandJan 1851near present NOAA/PSL
Global Angular Momentum (GLAAM)Globally averaged angular momentum calculated using angular momentum averaged over the whole atmosphere.Jan 1958Dec 2014UEA CRU
Atlantic Main Development Region (MDR)SST's in main region of cyclone development in the Atlantic. Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. It is typically calculated from the zonal mean 30mb winds.Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Quasi-biennial Oscillation 50mb (QBO) The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. This version uses 50mb zonal winds.Jan 1948near present  NOAA/PSL
Tropical Pacific 200mb averaged zonal winds. 200mb zonal winds from XS to XN are averaged along the equator from XX to YY.Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Surface Pressure Related Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (RNAO) The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference between the Subtropical (Azores) High and the Subpolar Low.Jan 1870near present NOAA/PSL
Nakasaki Japan reconstructed SLPMeasured SLPJan 1818Dec 2000UEA CRU
Azores Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1865Dec 2002UEA CRU
Gilbraltar Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1821Dec 2023UEA CRU
Iceland Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1821Dec 2023UEA CRU
Madras reconstructed SLPMeasured SLPJan 1796Dec 2005UEA CRU
Precipitation Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Brazil RainfallA normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19502002NCAR
ENSO Precipitation Index (ESPI)A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19792023U of Maryland
Sahel RainfallA normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19012017JISAO
N. Sierra 8 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Northern Sierra's precipitation.Oct 1920near presentCDEC/DWR California
C. Sierra 5 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Central Sierra's precipitation.Oct 1913near presentCDEC/DWR California
S. Sierra 6 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Southern Sierra's precipitation.Nov 1921near presentCDEC/DWR California
SW US Monsoon Region precipitationSW Monsoon region (AZ/NM) precipitation from the US climate division dataset.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Upper Colorado Basin precipitationA regional timeseries of the Upper Colorado River basin using Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Global Temperature
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
NASA Global Land TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature over land using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN.Jan 1880near presentNASA
NASA Global Land/Ocean TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature land/ocean anomalies using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN.Jan 1850near presentNASA
Berkeley Global Land TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature anomalies over land from Berkeley Earth.Jan 1850near presentBerkeley Earth
Berkeley Global Land/Ocean TemperatureGlobally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies from Berkeley Earth. Ocean is from HadSST3.Jan 1880near presentBerkeley Earth
CRU Global Land Temperature Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the CRUTEM5 land datasetJan 1850near presentUEA CRU
CRU Global Land/Ocean Temperature Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the HadCRUT5 datasetJan 1850near presentUEA CRU
NOAA Global Land Temperature Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the GHCN and NOAA ERSST v5 ocean datasetJan 1850near presentNOAA/NCEI
NOAA Global Land/Ocean Temperature Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the GHCN land dataset and the NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset.Jan 1850near presentNOAA/NCEI
Snow/Ice Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Northern Hemisphere Ice AreaSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Northern Hemisphere Ice ExtentSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover ExtentSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent.Jan 1966near presentNOAA/NCEI
Southern Hemisphere Ice AreaSatellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Southern Hemisphere Ice ExtentSatellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Other Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Sunspot CountA count of observed sunspot. Observations are by eye throughout the whole time-series.Jan 1749near presentWDC-SILSO
Solar Flux (10.7cm)Observed 10.7cm average monthly Solar Flux.Jan 1948near presentNRC Canada
US Tornado CountThe time-series has the monthly total of observed tornadoes in the US.Jan 1950near presentNOAA SPC
Upper Colorado Basin TemperatureThe time-series has the monthly temperature averaged over the Upper Colorado River Basin using the NOAA/NCEI GHCN 5km gridded dataset.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Lee's Ferry Natural Streamflow (upper CO Basin Streamflow) The time-series has the measured streamflow at Lee's Ferry and thus represents the upper Colorado Basin streamflow.Oct 1905Dec 2017NOAA/PSL
Atmosphere Teleconnections
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) from NOAA/CPCZonally symmetric oscillation calculated using the 1st EOF of 700mb height in the Southern Hemisphere south of 20S.Jan 1979Dec 2023NOAA/CPC
Arctic Oscillation (AO) The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Arctic Oscillation (AO) 20CRv3 The AO pattern is the 1st EOF of 1000mb heights north of 20N. It measures the strength of the sea level pressure within the Arctic circle. This version is calculated from the 20CR V3 ReanalysisJan 1821near present NOAA/PSL
East Atlantic pattern (EA) The EA pattern consists of a north-south dipole of anomaly centers spanning the North Atlantic from east to west.Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference around the Azores and over Iceland.Jan 1658Dec 2001NOAA/NGDC
Northern Oscillation Index (NOI) An index of pressure differences similar to the SOI but for the northern hemisphere. It is strongly related to ENSO.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Jones version
A time-series that is the difference between Gilbraltar and the Azores which is associated with zonal wind strength and location across the N Atlantic.Jan 1821near present UEA CRU
North Pacific Index (NP) The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations.Jan 1899near present NCAR
North Pacific Index (NP) from the 20CRV3The NP Index is a measure of the Sea Level Pressure in the North Pacific Ocean. It measures long (interannual-decadal) variations. This index uses the 20CR SLP data.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
Pacific North American Index (PNA)The PNA pattern represents an alternating pressure pattern with associated changes in the East Asian Jet. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Scandinavian Index (SCAND)The Scandinavian Index is a measure of blocking over western Russia and Scandinavia. Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. It is defined as Tahiti minus Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO. Jan 1866near present UEA CRU
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from the 20CRV3 A sea-saw oscillation of surface pressure in the western Pacific. This uses the 20CRV3 data and is the grid closes to Tahiti minus the grid closest to Darwin. It is strongly related to ENSO.Jan 1806Dec 2015NOAA/PSL
West Pacific (WP) Index A dipole of pressure anomalies between NE Asia and the western Pacific Ocean/Asia to the south.Jan 1950near present NOAA/CPC
Other Atmosphere Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
CO2 at Mauna Loa CO2 Measurements monthly averaged from Mauna Loa, Hawaii.Jan 1958near present NOAA/GML
Aleutian Low: Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (ALBSA) A blocking RegimeJan 1948near present NOAA/GSL
Greenland Blocking Index (GBI (UL)) GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over GreenlandJan 1851near present U of Lincoln
Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) GBI is the mean 500 hPa geopotential height for the 60-80°N, 20-80°W region. It measures blocking (winds) over GreenlandJan 1851near present NOAA/PSL
Global Angular Momentum (GLAAM)Globally averaged angular momentum calculated using angular momentum averaged over the whole atmosphere.Jan 1958Dec 2014UEA CRU
Atlantic Main Development Region (MDR)SST's in main region of cyclone development in the Atlantic. Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. It is typically calculated from the zonal mean 30mb winds.Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Quasi-biennial Oscillation 50mb (QBO) The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere. This version uses 50mb zonal winds.Jan 1948near present  NOAA/PSL
Tropical Pacific 200mb averaged zonal winds. 200mb zonal winds from XS to XN are averaged along the equator from XX to YY.Jan 1948near present NOAA/PSL
Surface Pressure Related Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (RNAO) The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is based on the surface sea-level pressure difference between the Subtropical (Azores) High and the Subpolar Low.Jan 1870near present NOAA/PSL
Nakasaki Japan reconstructed SLPMeasured SLPJan 1818Dec 2000UEA CRU
Azores Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1865Dec 2002UEA CRU
Gilbraltar Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1821Dec 2023UEA CRU
Iceland Sea Level Pressure (SLP)Measured SLPJan 1821Dec 2023UEA CRU
Madras reconstructed SLPMeasured SLPJan 1796Dec 2005UEA CRU
Ocean Time-series: ENSO Indices
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Niño 1+2 (HadISST) SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 1+2 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 0N-10S, 90W-80W; eastern tropical Pacific time-series.Jan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 3 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 3 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S,150W-90WJan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 3.4 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 3.4 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S,170W-120WJan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Niño 4 (HadISST) SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150WJan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Niño 4 (ERSSTv5) SST anomaly 5N-5S, 160E-150WJan 1850near presentNOAA/CPC
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI Extended) Original MEI extended back in time using a slightly different method. It combined atmosphere/ocean variables to produce an ENSO timeseries.Jan 1871Dec 2005NOAA/PSL
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI V2) SST and 5 atmospheric variables are combined using EOFs of the tropical Pacific to create a single index.Jan 1979presentNOAA/PSL
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)Three month running mean of ERSST.v5 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period.Jan 1950near presentNOAA/CPC
Central Tropical Pacific OLR IndexOutgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) area averages over the central equatorial Pacific (160°E-160°W). OLR is a good measure of convection.Jan 1974near presentNOAA/CPC
Pacific Warm Pool Niño 3.4 region, based on the 1971-2000 base period.Jan 18542021NOAA/PSL
Trans-Niño Index (TNI) The TNI is an index of the east/west SST difference in the tropical Pacific ocean.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Equatorial Central Pacific Heat Content: 160E-80WEquatorial Upper 300m temperature average anomaly based on 1981-2010 Climatology (deg C) for 160E-80W.Jan 1979near presentNOAA/PSL
Bivariate ENSO Time-series (BEST) SST and SOI are combined to form a single index of ENSO that incorporates the atmosphere explicitly.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL

Ocean Time-series: Non-ENSO
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM)Describes meridional variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Jan 1948near presentU of Wisconsin
Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM)Describes meridional variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Jan 1948near presentU of Wisconsin
Dipole Mode Index (DMI or IOD)A difference in SST between the east and west tropical Indian pacific ocean.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Hurricane : Atlantic DaysNumber of days where hurricanes are active in the Northern Atlantic BasinJan 18512022Col St Univ
Hurricane: Atlantic ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northern Atlantic Basin.Jan 18512022Col St Univ
Hurricane: NW Pacific Days Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northwestern Pacific Basin.Jan 19502021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NW Pacific ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northwestern Pacific Basin.Jan 19502021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NE Pacific Days Number of days where hurricanes are active in the Northeastern Pacific Basin.Jan 19712021Col St Univ
Hurricane: NE Pacific ACE Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the Northeastern Pacific Basin.Jan 19712021Col St Univ
North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO)A climate pattern derived from sea surface heights in the NE Pacific that is associated with fluctuations in the content of the California Current and the Gulf of Alaska. Jan 1950presentE. Di Lorenzo
Pacific Decadal Oscillation PSL (PDO) PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. Three SST datasets are combined to create this version.Jan 1891near presentU of Washington
Pacific Decadal Oscillation U of Washington (PDOUW) PDO is the leading EOF of monthly SSTA in the North Pacific, between 20N-70N. The NOAA OI SST V2 is used to create this version.Jan 1900near presentU of Washington
Global Sea LevelReconstructed global-mean sea level evolution as measured from tide-gauge.Jan 1900Dec 2018NASA/JPL
Tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool (WHWP) Monthly anomaly of the ocean surface area Ocean region that is greater than 28.5C in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific.Jan 1870near presentNOAA/PSL
Precipitation Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Brazil RainfallA normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19502002NCAR
ENSO Precipitation Index (ESPI)A normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19792023U of Maryland
Sahel RainfallA normalized index of ENSO derived by using GPCP precipitation from 2 regions; one in the eastern tropical Pacific and one over the Maritime content.Jan 19012017JISAO
N. Sierra 8 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Northern Sierra's precipitation.Oct 1920near presentCDEC/DWR California
C. Sierra 5 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Central Sierra's precipitation.Oct 1913near presentCDEC/DWR California
S. Sierra 6 station precipitation time-seriesA regional time-series of the Southern Sierra's precipitation.Nov 1921near presentCDEC/DWR California
SW US Monsoon Region precipitationSW Monsoon region (AZ/NM) precipitation from the US climate division dataset.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Upper Colorado Basin precipitationA regional timeseries of the Upper Colorado River basin using Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) data.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Global Temperature
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
NASA Global Land TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature over land using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN.Jan 1880near presentNASA
NASA Global Land/Ocean TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature land/ocean anomalies using the NASA GISTEMP anomaly dataset. Land is from GHCN.Jan 1850near presentNASA
Berkeley Global Land TemperatureGlobally averaged temperature anomalies over land from Berkeley Earth.Jan 1850near presentBerkeley Earth
Berkeley Global Land/Ocean TemperatureGlobally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies from Berkeley Earth. Ocean is from HadSST3.Jan 1880near presentBerkeley Earth
CRU Global Land Temperature Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the CRUTEM5 land datasetJan 1850near presentUEA CRU
CRU Global Land/Ocean Temperature Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the HadCRUT5 datasetJan 1850near presentUEA CRU
NOAA Global Land Temperature Globally averaged land/ocean temperature anomalies using the GHCN and NOAA ERSST v5 ocean datasetJan 1850near presentNOAA/NCEI
NOAA Global Land/Ocean Temperature Globally averaged temperature anomalies using the GHCN land dataset and the NOAA ERSST v5 ocean dataset.Jan 1850near presentNOAA/NCEI
Snow/Ice Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Northern Hemisphere Ice AreaSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Northern Hemisphere Ice ExtentSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover ExtentSatellite derived Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent.Jan 1966near presentNOAA/NCEI
Southern Hemisphere Ice AreaSatellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice area, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Southern Hemisphere Ice ExtentSatellite derived Southern Hemisphere sea ice extent, intended for use in trend analysis.Nov 1978near presentNSIDC
Other Time-series
NameDescriptionStart DateEnd DateSource
Sunspot CountA count of observed sunspot. Observations are by eye throughout the whole time-series.Jan 1749near presentWDC-SILSO
Solar Flux (10.7cm)Observed 10.7cm average monthly Solar Flux.Jan 1948near presentNRC Canada
US Tornado CountThe time-series has the monthly total of observed tornadoes in the US.Jan 1950near presentNOAA SPC
Upper Colorado Basin TemperatureThe time-series has the monthly temperature averaged over the Upper Colorado River Basin using the NOAA/NCEI GHCN 5km gridded dataset.Jan 1895near presentNOAA/PSL
Lee's Ferry Natural Streamflow (upper CO Basin Streamflow) The time-series has the measured streamflow at Lee's Ferry and thus represents the upper Colorado Basin streamflow.Oct 1905Dec 2017NOAA/PSL

Tools and Information

Index time-series page are listed in the tables with a link to the data values and documentation. While we attempt to keep time-series updated, some time-series may not be. More recent data may be available at the source.. Please also note that indices even for the same phenomena may not be defined the same way. As an example, some teleconnections are defined by a pattern for one season while another source may use a pattern that changes seasonally. Climatologies may differ, input datasets may differ, etc.. Some index timeseries may not be defined for all months. Users need to look at the data and documentation to determine if it is useful for them and how to interpret results. Also note that all timeseries in the PSL format start in January even if the actual data doesn't start until later in year. Similarly all time-series end in December. Missing values are to fill in 12 months of values, if needed.

Extract time-series

  • Atmosphere and Ocean time-series extraction.
  • US climate division variables time-series extraction.
  • Monthly Tidal Data at PSL
  • Other Major Climate/Ocean Index Sites and Dashboards

    Using extracted time-series or your own time-series on NOAA/PSL analysis web tools.